A totoina fualaʻau eseese, i le faʻaopopoina i le agrotechnical metotia, lea e tumau pea le taua i le vao faʻatonutonu, e fai lava si faigata ona fai e aunoa ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau. I le taimi lava e tasi, e taua le manatuaina o le i ai o le maualuga meaola oona, vailaʻau oona manaʻomia se sili atu faʻapitoa auala pe a faʻaaogaina i latou.
Valentina Demidova, Suʻesuʻe o le Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Sui Tauva o Biological Saienisi;
Maria Kuznetsova, Ulu o le Potato ma Fualaʻau Faʻamaʻi Faamaʻi o le Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Sui Tauva o Biological Saienisi
I tausaga ua tuanaʻi, i itulagi eseese o Lusia, e tele faʻalavelave na tupu ai, peʻa o le afaina mai le faʻaogaina o vailaʻau oona ona o le aafiaga oona i fualaʻau puipuia mai vao leaga ua sili atu i le penefiti. O le aafiaga o le vailaʻau oona o le aafiaga o le toega o toega o le sooupu (ma ona metabolites), faaaogaina i tausaga ua tuanaʻi, i luga o le tulaga o le eleele, galueaina ma vao vao. O le aʻafiaga o le vailaʻau oona peʻa aʻafia e tele lava ina fuafuaina e tolu mea taua: o le malosi o le faʻasalalauga, faʻaleagaina ma le femalagaaʻi (gaioiga). O le aʻafiaga o nei itu e faʻamoemoe i le eleele-tau ma faʻatoʻaga tulaga, tau, faʻapea foi ma meatotino a le vailaʻau lava ia.
O pateta e totoina i faʻatoʻaga tetele ma faʻapitoa e matua pagatia lava i lenei mea.
Mafuaʻaga o vailaʻau oona i luga o pateta:
- faasaoina i le eleele o toega o vailaʻau oona faʻapipiʻi i pateta ina ua maeʻa lo latou faʻaogaina i luga o le faʻatoʻaga muamua le faʻataʻamilosaga faʻasolosolo;
- solia tulafono mo le faʻaaogaina o vailaʻau "pateta" (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, ma isi);
- o le faʻaaogaina o sprayers ma toega o vailaʻau oona i tane (pe a fai o pateta e maaleale i nei vailaʻau);
- vaʻalele o loʻo faʻatupuina i le ea ni vailaʻau oona i le taimi o togafitiina o fanua tuaoi.
O le tele o taimi, o le vailaʻau oona o loʻo faʻamatalaina i palakalafa 2-4 e fesoʻotaʻi ma le le tausisia o tulafono faʻatonutonu ma fautuaga mo le faʻaaogaina.
E le tele ni vailaʻau oona e faʻaogaina i taimi o pateta. Nei lava fualaʻau mai le vaega o triazine (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acid (MCAA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). O nei mea aoga uma e filifili ma e le tatau ona afaina ai laʻau. Peitai, i lalo o ni tuutuuga, pateta maua faʻamamafa. Nei mafai ona avea ma mafuaʻaga tau, maʻaleʻale o ituaiga, solia o tulafono faʻatonutonu, faʻaaogaina o mea maualalo lelei, ma isi
Faʻailoga faalagolago i le vasega o gaioiga aoga. O le Metribuzin e mafua ai le mu ma taofia ai le tutupu aʻe o laʻau. E faʻapitoa ona faʻailoa lenei mea i luga o ituaiga maaleale pe a faʻaogaina i le tau mugala ma atili mamafa timuga (Fig 1).
Rimsulfuron mafai mafua ai samasama poʻo marbling o talavou pateta lau. O ia faʻailoga e tai tutusa lava ma le faʻaalia o se faʻamaʻi pipisi. Mo lenei mafuaʻaga, o lona faʻaaogaina luga o fatu pateta e le manaʻomia.
O laʻau pateta e matua nofouta i vailaʻau oona, e aofia ai ma mea e faʻaaoga i le faʻasolosolo o fuata i isi laʻau. O le sili ona matautia mo pateta o vailaʻau faʻateʻa na faʻaaogaina i luga o le faʻatoʻaga muamua mai le vaega 2 (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) ma le kulupu 4 (synthes auxins).
Vaega 2 o vailaʻau oona e aofia ai sulfonylureas lautele faʻaaoga (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, ma isi), faʻapea foi ma imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, ma isi). O a latou aʻafiaga le lelei i pateta e fesoʻotaʻi ma le suiga i le tuʻufaʻatasia o nisi taua amino acids. Sulphonylurea toega i lalo o ni tuutuuga tulaga mafai ona faʻaauau i le eleele ma faʻaleagaina pateta mo se taimi umi pe a maeʻa le apalai. O nisi imidazolinones e maua i le palapala mo ni tausaga. O le faʻaalia o le aafiaga oona o lenei vaega o vailaʻau o loʻo i luga o pateta e eseese ma e faʻamoemoeina i uiga eseese o laʻau. O le tele o taimi, endochlorosis (poʻo le samasama o laulaʻau), maanuminumi (poʻo mosaic) ma, o se tulafono, o le tuputupu aʻe faʻafitauli (Fig 2). O ia faʻailoga e tai tutusa lava ma le faʻaalia o se faʻamaʻi pipisi. O le mafuaʻaga lea, i luga o le eleele ma toega o vailaʻau, o le faʻamamaina ma le faʻamaoniaina o laufanua faʻatautaia i le gaosiga o fatu pateta e faigata.
Faʻailoga o le faʻaleagaina o tubers e nei vailaʻau faʻapipiʻi mafai ona fesuisuiaʻi, ae o le sili ona taatele o tubers longitudinal taʻe (masani fetu-foliga) ma cone-pei o tuputupu aʻe pe a tubers e popcorn-pei (Ata 3,4).
Vaega 4 vailaʻau oona aofia ai mafuaʻaga o phenoxyacetic, benzoic ma pyridinic acid. O le laʻititi tumau (ie umi-taimi) oi latou o phenoxyacetic acid mafuaʻaga (2,4-D). O le lamatiaga o le faʻaleagaina o pateta e benzoic (dicamba) ma picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) acid derivatives e maualuga atu. Ma, mo le faʻaalia o faʻailoga o le oona faʻaleagaina i pateta, o le i ai o le clopyralid i le eleele ua lava i se fualaʻau tutusa ma le 0,07% o le talosaga fua faatatau i le tausaga ua tuanaʻi i luga o muamua saito faʻatoʻaga, ma i le 0,7% tulaga, o se taua tele faʻaititia o fua o se fualaʻau maʻaleʻale ua uma ona maitauina.
E le pei o sulfonylureas ma imidazolinones, vaʻaia le faʻaleagaina o pateta e dicamba, clopyralid, ma le picloram naʻo luga o le vaega i luga e aliali mai ai. Laʻau, o se faʻaiuga o le fesuiaʻina o lau lau, avea faʻapena ma fern seedling (Fig 5). O nei vailaʻau oona e afaina ai le faʻatulagaina ma le faʻavaeina o le tuputupu aʻe mata (mata) i teine tubers. O le mea lea, i le tausaga o le totoina o pateta i le eleele faʻaleagaina ma toega o nei vailaʻau, e masani ona masani ona vaʻaia luga ma tubers, ae e i ai le latou polokalame gagau mo le faʻatupuina o tuputupu aʻe. O faʻailoga o loʻo i luga e aliali mai i le tausaga lea e sosoʻo mai, pe a faʻaaogaina ia tubers o ni mea toto. A o faʻatautaia le vaʻai totoina o faʻatoaga pateta, matou te toeititi lava o tausaga uma e feiloaʻi ai i laʻau ma faʻailoga o loʻo i luga i itulagi eseese o Lusia.
I le taimi e tasi, e taua tele le faʻailoa mai o le faʻaalia o le vailaʻau oona oona mai faʻailoga o faʻamaʻi pipisi. O le eseesega tele i le va o vailaʻau oona ma faʻamaoniga o soʻo se faʻamaʻi o le tele o faʻailoga o faʻailoga o le faʻaleagaina i le fanua atoa poʻo le lotoifale, i eria, ae le o luga o laʻau e tasi.
A o fuafuaina pateta totoina, e tatau ona amanaʻia le toega o le aʻafiaga o vailaʻau na faʻaogaina i le vaitau ua tuanaʻi. O le fua faatatau o le faʻatamaʻiaina o mea ola o vailaʻau oona i le palapala e faʻamoemoeina i le tele o mea taua: o le aofaʻi o vailaʻau o loʻo faʻaaogaina, o vaitau o tulaga (vevela, palapala o le eleele), o le ituaiga o palapala, o le aofaʻi o microbiota, ma isi. O tulaga matutu i le tausaga o le faʻaogaina o sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram ma clopyralid e faʻateleina ai tulaga lamatia o latou toega i le palapala ma faʻaleagaina pateta i le isi vaitau.
O le mea lea, afai e i ai le masalosalo e uiga i le "mama" o le fanua, ae le i totoina pateta, e tatau ona vaʻai faʻalelei le eleele mo togalaau o loʻo totoe pe faʻalaʻauʻaina le eleele e faʻaaogaina ai laʻau faʻailoga.
I le isi itu, o vailaʻau oona e faʻaogaina i pateta e mafai foi ona i ai se aafiaga le lelei i isi laʻau toto. I lenei itu, sa matou faʻatinoina le tele o suʻesuʻega, o le mafuaʻaga o le suʻesuʻeina o le maualuga o le oona o le vailaʻau faʻavae e faʻavae i le metribuzin, faʻaaogaina i pateta, i luga o laʻau o le tautotogo toso, kukama, oats, ma suka beet.
O le faʻamautuina o le filototoxicity o metribuzin na faʻataunuʻuina i le 2018 ma le 2019 i lalo o tuutuuga o le faʻataʻitaʻina o laʻau i totonu o le potu vevela i lalo o le pulega faʻatautaia o le hydrothermal.
I le avea ai o ni suʻesuʻega, na matou faʻaaogaina le suka suka (v. Ramonskaya odnosemyannaya 9), oats (v. Argaman Elita), kukama (v. Edinstvo), toso teine faʻamalosi (v. Ratnik). O laʻau na totoina i totonu o fagu pia 80 mm le lautele ma le gafatia 600 cm3, faʻatumuina i faʻataʻitaʻiga o le sod-podzolic eleele na ave.
Ina ia setiina faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le eleele faʻataʻitaʻiga na aveina mai le fanua lea na le faʻaogaina ai le vailaʻau (faʻatonutonu), ma mai le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi, lea na totoina ai pateta ma le vailaʻau oona (a.v. metribuzin) na faʻaaogaina i le fualaʻau o le 0,5 kg / ha. I tausaga uma e lua o suʻega, o faʻataʻitaʻiga na ave i le tautotogo, ia Aperila, mai le loloto o le avanoa va o le 0-25 cm i le 10 kopi.
Tulaga mo le faʻatupuina o laʻau suʻesuʻega: ea vevela 250C (ao) ma le 200C (po); faʻasusu le eleele i luga i le 60% o le PV.
O le faʻatusatusaga o le filototoxicity o le eleele faʻapitoa filifilia na mafua mai i le maeʻa ai o le vailaʻau oona na iloiloina i le 28 aso talu ona luluina fualaʻau e le eseesega i le maualuga ma le mamafa o suʻega laʻau.
E tusa ai ma iʻuga o suʻesuʻega, na maua ai, i luga o suʻesuʻega o eleele, o le taofiofi o laʻau suʻesuʻe uma na maitauina i le tulaga o le faʻavaivaia o le au, tupuola le faʻafetaui pe a faʻatusatusa i le faʻatonutonuina (Fig 6-9). O le maualuga o oat laau i le faʻatonutonuina o 25-35 cm, i le suʻesuʻega eseese 20-23 cm; suka suka 15-20 cm (faʻatonutonu), i le suʻega eseʻese 10-13 cm; kukama 16-22 cm (pulea), i le suʻega variant 11-14 cm; tautotogo tautotogo 12-14 cm (pulea), i le suesueina eseʻese 10-12 cm.
I le averesi, sili atu i le 2 tausaga, o le paʻu o le mamafa o le totoina o kukama totō e faʻatonutonu e 70,8%; suka suka - 45,0%; oasi - 44,4%; toso teine faʻamalosi - 33,1% (Laulau 1).
O le mea lea, o matou suʻesuʻega ua faʻaalia mai o loʻo leaga le aʻafiaga o metribuzin o loʻo faʻaaogaina i pateta i luga o faʻatoʻaga faʻatoʻaga: kukama, suka beet, oats, spring toso. Ina ia mafai ona faʻaititia le faʻaleagaina o fualaʻau eseese faʻatoʻaga e ala i vailaʻau totoe o loʻo totoe i le eleele, e tatau ona faia se atoa vaega o metotia:
- Faʻaoga le paʻu laʻititi o vailaʻau oona (faʻafefiloi sauniuniga poʻo tane palu faʻafefiloi o loʻo iai se aofaʻi laʻititi o "umi-ola" ola mea fai)
- Palu loloto ao lei luluina fualaʻau maʻaleʻale.
- Faʻaaoga fesuiaʻiga o fualaʻau e faʻaititia ai le aʻafiaga o le faʻamaʻoti fualaʻau i mea toto.
- Faʻaaoga faʻailoga fualaʻau (fatu o laʻau e sili ona maaleale i lenei vailaʻau):
- mo vailaʻau oona mai le kulupu 2 - acetolactate synthase (ALS) taofi (sulfonylureas ma imidazolinones) - suka suka, rapeseed;
- mo le kulupu 4 - auxins gaosi (phenoxy acid (2.4D, ma isi), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - pi, flax;
- mo le vaega 5 - metribuzin - kukama, oats, suka beet.
5. Faia o foliar fafagaina o laʻau faʻaleagaina ma faʻalaʻau faʻavae i amino acid: mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Izabion, Aminokat, ma isi.